The Concept Of Cinematic Illusion Film Studies Essay

The Concept Of Cinematic Illusion Film Studies Essay Ever since the advent of cinema, the human race has become more infatuated and intrigued by it and it has become more and more an integral part of our culture. In an age where the boundaries of realism are being pushed in cinema through the use of new technologies such as high definition and 3D, the film industry is constantly trying to create a more believable illusion of realism in film. If we strip the premise of cinema down to its most basic form of that of a series of images in sequence creating the illusion of a motion picture we can explore how we perceive this illusion and how it gave birth to the medium of cinema. One of the illusions still used in cinema today is the phi phenomenon. This was first seen in Victorian times with the popularisation of a toy called a  thaumatrope. This consisted of a disc or card with a picture on each side was attached to two pieces of string. When the strings are twirled quickly between the fingers the card rotates momentarily showing each of the two images. The two pictures appear to combine into a single image. This toy was said to be invented by John Ayrton Paris who in 1824 used it in a demonstration to the Royal College of Physicians in London the idea of persistence of vision. Persistence of vision said that there was a processing delay in the brain and when two images were flashed in front of the eye fast enough the delay caused the first image to remain in place for a fraction of a second longer causing it blend into the second one (Bazin 1967). In 1912 Max Wertheimer in his book Experimental Studies on the Seeing of Motion exposed this theory of persistence of vision as a myth. In its place Wertheimer devised the phi phenomenon along with beta movement help to describe the illusions of motion perception. Wertheimer was one of the founding members of Gestalt psychology and this discovery was a big breakthrough for this field of psychology. The phi phenomenon discovered by Wertheimer is a perceptual  illusion where the viewers mind fills in shapes to help link two images together. In his experiment Wertheimer shows an audience a series of two images. The first image is a line on the left side of the screen. The second image shows a line of the right side of the screen. At different timings Wertheimer observed that the viewers reported a sensation of motion in the space between and around the two lines. However the lines themselves did not appear to move, they simply saw what looked like two moving shapes of the background colour surrounding the flashing lines. Beta movement was described by Wertheimer (1912) as apparent motion. To prove his theory of beta movement Wertheimer preformed an experiment. He sat viewers in front of a screen where he then projected a two image sequence with varying gaps between them. The first image of a ball on the left of the screen was projected onto the screen followed by a second image with the ball on the right of the screen. The viewers described how they saw the ball move from one side of the screen to the other when in fact they only had seen two still images. This showed that the illusion of movement was created through the perception of the viewers linking the two images together according to one or more of Gestalts laws, such as the laws similarity and proximity. Another way we perceive motion is through stroboscopic images. Leighton (2008) explains that stroboscopic images are a series of static images that when viewed in sequence at a high enough rate; the static images appear to blend into one continuous motion. A simple demonstration of this is the idea of a flip book. If you have a series of pages with simple drawings on them and the drawings are slightly altering from one page to the next and we flip through these pages at speed we perceive them as one continuous picture in motion. However if you flick though the book slowly enough the eye isnt fooled by this illusion and perceives them as separate images. We must then ask at what point our eye sees this series of images as motion and not just still images. According to Cubitt (2005) critical fusion frequency is the rate at which stimuli can be presented and still be perceived as separate stimuli. To work stroboscopic images have to present visual stimuli such as images to the eye at a higher rate than the critical fusion frequency so that the eye cannot perceive each individual image separately. The critical fusion frequency differs from person to person and depends heavily upon many conditions such as light and contrast but as a general rule it is said to be anything less than a 7th of a second. This means that if we look at a series of images that are playing at anything above 10 images or frames per second we will see then as one continuous motion. From when the first commercial movie cameras were manufactured there was no standard frame rate of the cameras, they ranged from anything from 10 frames a second. This was seen unsuitable for cinema as the motion in the film was very jerky. By the 1920s a standard frame rate of 24 frames a second was set (Bazin 1967). This allowed the illusion of motion in film to be perceived by the viewer to be a lot more smooth and fluid. Through the use of stroboscopic images, the phi phenomenon and beta movement discussed here modern cinema exploits the visual perception of the viewer to create the illusion of motion which forms the bases for all films. As advancing technologies aid this process of illusion they stride to help cinema create the most realistic representation of what our eyes see and helps transport the viewer into the world of the film as if they where there.

Language Analysis the Power of Ink Essay

Helen Day is a part-time journalist and blogger. She maintains her blog entitled Street beat on a variety of current social issues. This blog entry, The Power of Ink, is about tattoos and it has drawn a variety of responses from readers of her blog. In recent years, the practice of ‘inking’ your body, or having tattoos indelibly imprinted on your skin has become almost ‘de rigueur’ for many in our society, especially the young. There is a wide variety of views about this practice and Helen Day, a regular blogger, has her say in her entry ‘The Power of Ink’. Rather than lecturing her substantial audience of followers, Day chooses simply to trace the stages of the history of tattoos, focusing on the changes in their meaning and significance. Her use of examples and language with negative connotations is effective in arguing that people who choose to ‘adorn’ themselves with tattoos are just as much victims or prisoners as those for whom they were originally intended. Her blog attracted four extremely varied responses within the next twenty four hours, showing that this is indeed a contentious issue. Helen Day begins by establishing the ubiquitous nature of tattoos. In a light-hear ted, humorous fashion, she mentions that people from all walks of life, including ‘suburban housewives’, ‘newsreaders and sitcom stars’ have words and pictures ‘draw[n]’ on their skin. Even at this early stage, she mentions ‘prison’ and readers may feel uncomfortable with this reference, which is just what the writer intends. She clearly states her contention that ‘the power of ink has diminished’. Day begins her argument by clearly establishing the original purpose of tattooing, using examples from ‘millennia’ as support. She mentions the origins of the practice where the ‘unconsenting backs of prisoners and slaves’ were marked to show that they were owned, ‘deviant’ or ‘incarcerated’. She goes further to remind readers of the literal and metaphorical ‘indelible cruelty’ of the tattoos forced upon inmates of the Nazi concentration camps during World War 11. Her words are carefully chosen at this stage of her argument to create a feeling of unease and repulsion in her audience at the idea that tattoos represented  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœownership’ or ‘control’ and that those on whom they were imposed were considered to be ‘somewhere between property and machine’. By associating tattoos with lack of free will or self-determination, she predisposes her readers to think negatively of the practice of tattooing, even before she considers what it represents in contemporary society. Day goes on to provide an illustration of how those forced to wear tattoos resented this imposition and how they showed their refusal to be controlled, satirising their ‘owners’ by adopting their own version of an owner’s mark. She connects this act of ‘defiance’ to the motivation behind her decision to demonstrate her ‘feminist’ principles in the 1990s, wryly remarking that her attempt to protest and be unique fell flat because now ‘even’ the British Prime Minister’s wife has an ankle tattoo. The language the writer uses here is quite mocking of her young self. She separates herself from the young Helen, representing her actions as clichà © and immature, in an attempt to position her readers to view it i n the same way. The comment from young ‘Tash’ (written late at night) is a perfect example of such (some might say misguided) youthful impulsiveness. Readers can hear the excitement in ‘Tash’s’ ‘voice’ as she describes how she ‘designed [her] own ankle bracelet’ and how she likes to ‘show it off’. The use of language such as ‘like’ and ‘yeah’, suggests that she is very young and may one day regret her decision just as Helen Day does. The comment from ‘Cleanskin’ also echoes Day’s point that tattoos ‘fade’ and ‘stretch’ over time and may not suit an older person. These responses underline the writer’s message of ‘act in haste, repent at leisure’ and young readers may cringe when reading ‘Tash’s’ enthusiastic comment. Day concludes her blog entry by redefining the social meaning of tattoos in today’s society. She describes them as having been ‘commodified’, that is, just something else to be bought and sold and with no real significance. She use s the expression ‘try hard’, suggesting that people who have tattoos are doing so to create a false image of themselves in order to find acceptance. Readers would certainly not like to be included in this category. By describing tattoos as ‘fashion’s proprietary mark’, she is claiming that those who decide to tattoo themselves are just as much slaves and prisoners as the original bearers of these marks, it is just that their owner is now ‘fashion’. In suggesting that tattoo wearers are still under the control of an outside force, that  fashion trends are dictating their actions, she hopes that readers will review their attitude to the practice. The contrast between the two accompanying images starkly demonstrates the writer’s argument that the meaning of tattoos has changed. The Ta Moko on the arms of the three Maori men clearly mark them as members of the same clan. The three tattoos are identical to each other, suggesting that the design is traditional and has a particular significance for the wearers. ‘Kiwi’s’ indignant description of non-Maoris imitating the ‘sacred’ Ta Moko as ‘identity theft’ would act as a strong disincentive to readers to undertake such a ‘disgraceful and immoral’ action. The other shoulder tattoo of a star, shown on the front cover of Sam de Brito’s 2006 book, might well have been designed by the wearer, but it has none of the c ultural ‘weight’ of the Ta Moko designs. The images reinforce the idea that it may be fashion that is dictating the current trend to tattoo one’s skin. This blog is certainly cause for thought. Although Helen Day sets out to argue that ‘the power of ink has diminished’, she actually argues against this. In establishing the contention that tattoos are still just as powerful a message about ownership, but that the ‘owner’ has changed from government and slave owner to the tyrant of fashion, she prompts her online audience to rethink whether in deciding to ‘ink’ themselves they are actually being a ‘unique’ rebellious individual or just another fashion victim.

Find Out Who is Concerned About Academic Argumentative Essay Samples and Why You Should be Listening to Them

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How to Overcome Depression and Anxiety - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 658 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Psychology Essay Tags: Anxiety Essay Depression Essay Did you like this example? I want to share with you some ways how you can probably overcome depression and anxiety. Well, Im not going to tell you what to do but I just want to share with you the daily habbits I have to fight depression and anxiety just in case its something that will benefit you and I also look forward to learning from you. So if you know anything and have personal experiences that I wont mention right here, please feel free to leave a comment. First of all, if I hit my knees in the morning when I get up, I pray. Now I want you to know that when I say the word prayer I dont want you to be intimidated because Im not necessarily talking about praying to a Christian God or anything specific culture belief system but Im more talking about getting outside yourself. I think by just putting it to the universe that you need help and you need guidance, youre are therefore looking for strength. It sorts of invokes the sense that youre not doing it alone which usually puts you in a place of feeling like youre going at this condition or youre taking on a day which sometimes can seem impossible with help. Its something that I have fought along time that the more I give myself to it, the better I feel and easier to get out of bed and feel that Im not alone. So if youre desperate enough, I suggest you try this and you can also find incredible meditation practices online if you want to stay away from the word prayer which is totally fine s o dont sleep on that. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How to Overcome Depression and Anxiety?" essay for you Create order Secondly, being social everyday can also beat depression. Well, Im not like saying you go to a giant party with people you dont know but when youre around people that know you, that care about you, that love you and you know, it seem to bring out a better version of you even when youre severely depressed. It could bring some light in you that you thought its completely deem. Im often so uncomfortable being around people that I cant imagine doing it but then I spend sometime with people and when Im done spending time with them, I usually feel grateful that I did. If you spend sometime with a person who understands depression and anxiety, it makes a big difference so dont listen to that voice that tells you to be alone and force yourself because your survival could depend on socializing to activate your recovery from depression. You should also get involved in doing physical exercises. For me, waking up everyday running around, jumping and lifting weight helped me a lot to fight depression. Everybody by now should know the science behind exercising so its just a matter of finding something you feel comfortable doing every single day no matter what. A lot of people also rely on motivation in case they want something to get done but you dont need to get motivated to get it done as long as you believe in the act that you are doing. In other words, if you know its good for you just take your feet and let your brain follow. Lastly, you also need to eat as healthy as you can. Well, Im not talking about what you should or shouldnt have but most people can agree with me that diets high in processed foods with simple carbohydrates and added sugars typically are not very good so literally you should find some form of diet that you can stick to because thats something you can control. Its natural to want to eat so as to comfort yourself and I also did it for a long time but its a downward spiral if it gets itself because it sorts of adds more problems so you should figure out a form of diet that you can stick to.