Purify Alcohol or Denatured Ethanol Using Distillation

Purify Alcohol or Denatured Ethanol Using Distillation Denatured alcohol is toxic to drink and may be unsuitable for some lab experiments or other purposes. If you need pure ethanol (CH3CH2OH), you can purify denatured, contaminated or impure alcohol using distillation.   Alcohol Distillation Materials Balance100-mL volumetric flask or graduated cylinderDistillation apparatus250-mL beaker (or another container to receive the distilled alcohol)Hotplate or another flameless heat source (to avoid igniting the ethanol)Boiling chips200-mL impure ethanol (e.g., 70% denatured alcohol) You can also  make  a distillation apparatus if you dont already have one or arent sure what one looks like. Alcohol Distillation Procedure Put on appropriate safety gear, including goggles, gloves and protective clothing.Weigh the volumetric flask or graduated cylinder and record the value. This will help you determine your yield if you care to calculate it.Add 100.00 mL of alcohol to the volumetric flask. Weigh the flask plus alcohol and record the value. Now, if you subtract the mass of the flask from this value, you will know the mass of your alcohol. The density of your alcohol is the mass per volume, which is the mass of the alcohol (the number you just obtained) divided by the volume (100.00 mL). You now know the density of the alcohol in g/mL.Pour the ethanol into the distillation vessel and add the remaining alcohol.Add a boiling chip or two to the flask.Assemble the distillation apparatus. The 250-mL beaker is your receiving vessel.Turn on the hotplate and heat the ethanol to a gentle boil. If you have a thermometer in the distillation apparatus, youll see the temperature climb and then stabilize when it reache s the temperature of the ethanol-water vapor. Once you reach it, do not allow the temperature to exceed the stable value. If the temperature starts to climb again, it means the ethanol is gone from the distillation vessel. At this point, you could add more of the impure alcohol, if it didnt all fit in the container at the start. Continue distillation until you have collected at least 100 mL in the receiving beaker.Allow the distillate (liquid you collected) to cool to room temperature.Transfer 100.00 mL of this liquid into the volumetric flask, weigh the flask plus alcohol, subtract the weight of the flask (from earlier), and record the mass of the alcohol. Divide the mass of the alcohol by 100 to get the density of your distillate in g/mL. You can compare this value against a table of values to estimate the purity of your alcohol. The density of pure ethanol around room temperature is 0.789 g/mL.If you want, you can run this liquid through another distillation to increase its purity. Keep in mind, some alcohol is lost during every distillation, so youll have a lower yield with the second distillation and even less final product if you do a third distillation. If you double or triple distill your alcohol, you can determine its density and estimate its purity using the same method outlined for the first disti llation. Notes About Alcohol Ethanol is sold in the pharmacy sections of stores as a disinfectant. It may be called ethyl alcohol, ethanol or ethyl rubbing alcohol. Another common type of alcohol used for rubbing alcohol is isopropyl alcohol or isopropanol. These alcohols have different properties (notably, isopropyl alcohol is toxic), so if it matters which one you need, be sure the desired alcohol is listed on the label. Hand sanitizer gels also often use ethanol and/or isopropanol. The label should list which type of alcohol is used under the active ingredients. Notes About Purity Distilling denatured alcohol will remove enough impurities for may lab applications. Further purification steps could include passing the alcohol over activated carbon. This would be especially helpful if the point of the distillation is to obtain drinkable ethanol. Be very careful distilling ethanol to drink using denatured alcohol as a source. If the denaturing agent was simply an additive intended to make the alcohol bitter, this purification might be fine, but if toxic substances were added to the alcohol, a lesser degree of contamination may remain in the distilled product. This is especially likely if the contaminant had a boiling point close to that of the ethanol. You can reduce contamination by discarding the first bit of ethanol that is collected and the last portion. It also helps to tightly control the temperature of the distillation. Just be aware: distilled alcohol is not suddenly pure! Even commercially produced ethanol still contains traces of other chemicals.

Apostle Paul and the Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Apostle Paul and the Law - Research Paper Example What does seem clear is that the traditions of Mosaic Law have been placed outside of Christian life is distinguished from its Judaic heritage by replacing ritualistic worship to that of faith based worship. The place of the Law within Christian life, however, seems to have much less definition to modern readers. The following paper will first discuss the ways in which the life of Christ exemplified an ‘otherness’ that was difficult for new Christians to grasp without the condition of Mosaic Law to create ritual and order. The discussion will then focus on the Epistle to the Galatians and then the Epistle to the Romans in order to define what Paul said in relationship to law for the Church. Finally, an examination of the issue will bring to light how the letters written by Paul can be related to the Gospel revelations of the nature of Christ and his teachings to his followers. Through a look at faith based Salvation and the need for order through Law, the writings of Pau l can be used to help uncover Mosaic Law traditions in relationship to the new responsibilities and freedoms of the followers of Christ. Social Differentiation, ‘Otherness’ and the Discussion of Law Defining individuals through social structures that place them into groups has been a long remembered method of defining the population across the world ‘Otherness’ was a problem in that the openness with which Christ taught was incongruent with the way in which people saw one another. Christ gave examples in order to show that he embraced all people for their differences, their faults, and even for their sins. When pressed to define who was a neighbor He made a Samaritan into the hero of the story at a time when Samaritans were looked down upon with contempt. After Jesus had left the world, however, the social differentiations that existed began to emerge as an issue where practices and traditions infiltrated the nature of the message that Paul gave in how to w orship. Paul found that he had to dampen the belief in old ways so that the new could thrive in a world in which ritual was a strong part of life. Ritual still defines how people find structure in their life. Through the acts of ritual, order is established. It is far easier to do something than to simply believe in something. Paul saw that the need for ritual was clouding the message that he had brought to followers, the belief that in doing certain acts that followed Mosaic Law salvation could be gained. People rather naturally fall to doing to express what they feel rather than feeling what is needed to create faith. Faith is a difficult concept even in its simplicity. Faith means to believe, but there is a great deal of baggage between knowing and believing which can get in the way. People tend to fall to doing rather than devoting their time to belief as faith has such a deep emotional context that it can be hard to maintain. Culture and the Law tend to be an issue. As people t ake comfort in the rituals that build the familiar, the show of enacting the Law was outside of the practices of worship that Paul had given to followers. It was not the rituals themselves that were a problem but that he was afraid that they were using ritual in place of belief. In reading the work of Thompson

A Statistical Analysis of AIDS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Statistical Analysis of AIDS - Research Paper Example The number of individuals acquiring the disease is also increasing. The growing concern today however, lies on the mounting difference in the number of African Americans and their White counterparts being infected or even dying from the disease. Women in particular, have constantly become the subject of people’s concerns regarding the matter of AIDS. This paper aims to present and discuss the statistics regarding the disparity between Blacks and Whites being diagnosed with AIDS. Moreover, the factors affecting this disparity will be presented. The importance of the role of the government in addressing this issue will be discussed and finally, a conclusion will be provided. The Statistics of AIDS in the United States In past statistics, African Americans were found to constitute the majority of individuals infected with AIDS1, 2. In the Black population, males comprised two-thirds or about 65% of new infections3. Furthermore, the rate at which Black men acquire new HIV infectio n is 6 times higher than White men and 2 times higher than black women4. On the other hand, the rate at which Black women acquire new HIV infection is 15 times higher than White women.5As such, the rate of death is also expected to be higher among Black women. Black females have a lower rate of infection in comparison to Black males. However, Black females are more affected by the disease in comparison to women from other races.6The large scale of Black womenbeing infected with, as well as dyingfrom AIDS has attracted attention from different areas and departments of the society. More so since there is yet to be a clear decline in the mortality rates of AIDS-infected African-American womenwhereas mortality rates of AIDS-infected White women have continually decreased. Ethnic disparities concerning HIV/AIDS infection and mortality are consistent in all states.7Figure 1 below presents a comparison of HIV/AIDS mortalities between Black and White populations in the United States. The hu ge difference between the races is evident except perhaps among the 15- to 24-year-old age group where the statistics were almost the same if not, slightly different. Figure 2 below presents the gender and racial comparisons with regards to new cases of HIV infectionin Massachusetts. The large disparity between Black females and White females as well as the large difference between the number of White males and Black males getting infected with AIDS are evident. According to Cole, Church, Fukuda et al.,8the percentage of Black women who have acquired HIV in the year 2006 – 2008 is 51% as compared to 20% of White women. This shows that Black women have almost twice the risk of acquiring the disease as compared to White women. However, it is also shown that from 2006 – 2008, White men have a higher percentage of new infections compared to Black malesin Massachusetts.This could be attributed to gay activities; however, not well-defined. In 2007, it has been reported that HIV was the third leading cause of mortality for black men and women aged 35-44.9 HIV also became the ninth leading cause of mortality for all blacks.10 In fact, about 233,624 Blacks who were diagnosed with AIDS had died in the United States.11 Moreover, African American women were known to be 22 times more likely to die

The Concept Of Cinematic Illusion Film Studies Essay

The Concept Of Cinematic Illusion Film Studies Essay Ever since the advent of cinema, the human race has become more infatuated and intrigued by it and it has become more and more an integral part of our culture. In an age where the boundaries of realism are being pushed in cinema through the use of new technologies such as high definition and 3D, the film industry is constantly trying to create a more believable illusion of realism in film. If we strip the premise of cinema down to its most basic form of that of a series of images in sequence creating the illusion of a motion picture we can explore how we perceive this illusion and how it gave birth to the medium of cinema. One of the illusions still used in cinema today is the phi phenomenon. This was first seen in Victorian times with the popularisation of a toy called a  thaumatrope. This consisted of a disc or card with a picture on each side was attached to two pieces of string. When the strings are twirled quickly between the fingers the card rotates momentarily showing each of the two images. The two pictures appear to combine into a single image. This toy was said to be invented by John Ayrton Paris who in 1824 used it in a demonstration to the Royal College of Physicians in London the idea of persistence of vision. Persistence of vision said that there was a processing delay in the brain and when two images were flashed in front of the eye fast enough the delay caused the first image to remain in place for a fraction of a second longer causing it blend into the second one (Bazin 1967). In 1912 Max Wertheimer in his book Experimental Studies on the Seeing of Motion exposed this theory of persistence of vision as a myth. In its place Wertheimer devised the phi phenomenon along with beta movement help to describe the illusions of motion perception. Wertheimer was one of the founding members of Gestalt psychology and this discovery was a big breakthrough for this field of psychology. The phi phenomenon discovered by Wertheimer is a perceptual  illusion where the viewers mind fills in shapes to help link two images together. In his experiment Wertheimer shows an audience a series of two images. The first image is a line on the left side of the screen. The second image shows a line of the right side of the screen. At different timings Wertheimer observed that the viewers reported a sensation of motion in the space between and around the two lines. However the lines themselves did not appear to move, they simply saw what looked like two moving shapes of the background colour surrounding the flashing lines. Beta movement was described by Wertheimer (1912) as apparent motion. To prove his theory of beta movement Wertheimer preformed an experiment. He sat viewers in front of a screen where he then projected a two image sequence with varying gaps between them. The first image of a ball on the left of the screen was projected onto the screen followed by a second image with the ball on the right of the screen. The viewers described how they saw the ball move from one side of the screen to the other when in fact they only had seen two still images. This showed that the illusion of movement was created through the perception of the viewers linking the two images together according to one or more of Gestalts laws, such as the laws similarity and proximity. Another way we perceive motion is through stroboscopic images. Leighton (2008) explains that stroboscopic images are a series of static images that when viewed in sequence at a high enough rate; the static images appear to blend into one continuous motion. A simple demonstration of this is the idea of a flip book. If you have a series of pages with simple drawings on them and the drawings are slightly altering from one page to the next and we flip through these pages at speed we perceive them as one continuous picture in motion. However if you flick though the book slowly enough the eye isnt fooled by this illusion and perceives them as separate images. We must then ask at what point our eye sees this series of images as motion and not just still images. According to Cubitt (2005) critical fusion frequency is the rate at which stimuli can be presented and still be perceived as separate stimuli. To work stroboscopic images have to present visual stimuli such as images to the eye at a higher rate than the critical fusion frequency so that the eye cannot perceive each individual image separately. The critical fusion frequency differs from person to person and depends heavily upon many conditions such as light and contrast but as a general rule it is said to be anything less than a 7th of a second. This means that if we look at a series of images that are playing at anything above 10 images or frames per second we will see then as one continuous motion. From when the first commercial movie cameras were manufactured there was no standard frame rate of the cameras, they ranged from anything from 10 frames a second. This was seen unsuitable for cinema as the motion in the film was very jerky. By the 1920s a standard frame rate of 24 frames a second was set (Bazin 1967). This allowed the illusion of motion in film to be perceived by the viewer to be a lot more smooth and fluid. Through the use of stroboscopic images, the phi phenomenon and beta movement discussed here modern cinema exploits the visual perception of the viewer to create the illusion of motion which forms the bases for all films. As advancing technologies aid this process of illusion they stride to help cinema create the most realistic representation of what our eyes see and helps transport the viewer into the world of the film as if they where there.

Language Analysis the Power of Ink Essay

Helen Day is a part-time journalist and blogger. She maintains her blog entitled Street beat on a variety of current social issues. This blog entry, The Power of Ink, is about tattoos and it has drawn a variety of responses from readers of her blog. In recent years, the practice of ‘inking’ your body, or having tattoos indelibly imprinted on your skin has become almost ‘de rigueur’ for many in our society, especially the young. There is a wide variety of views about this practice and Helen Day, a regular blogger, has her say in her entry ‘The Power of Ink’. Rather than lecturing her substantial audience of followers, Day chooses simply to trace the stages of the history of tattoos, focusing on the changes in their meaning and significance. Her use of examples and language with negative connotations is effective in arguing that people who choose to ‘adorn’ themselves with tattoos are just as much victims or prisoners as those for whom they were originally intended. Her blog attracted four extremely varied responses within the next twenty four hours, showing that this is indeed a contentious issue. Helen Day begins by establishing the ubiquitous nature of tattoos. In a light-hear ted, humorous fashion, she mentions that people from all walks of life, including ‘suburban housewives’, ‘newsreaders and sitcom stars’ have words and pictures ‘draw[n]’ on their skin. Even at this early stage, she mentions ‘prison’ and readers may feel uncomfortable with this reference, which is just what the writer intends. She clearly states her contention that ‘the power of ink has diminished’. Day begins her argument by clearly establishing the original purpose of tattooing, using examples from ‘millennia’ as support. She mentions the origins of the practice where the ‘unconsenting backs of prisoners and slaves’ were marked to show that they were owned, ‘deviant’ or ‘incarcerated’. She goes further to remind readers of the literal and metaphorical ‘indelible cruelty’ of the tattoos forced upon inmates of the Nazi concentration camps during World War 11. Her words are carefully chosen at this stage of her argument to create a feeling of unease and repulsion in her audience at the idea that tattoos represented  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœownership’ or ‘control’ and that those on whom they were imposed were considered to be ‘somewhere between property and machine’. By associating tattoos with lack of free will or self-determination, she predisposes her readers to think negatively of the practice of tattooing, even before she considers what it represents in contemporary society. Day goes on to provide an illustration of how those forced to wear tattoos resented this imposition and how they showed their refusal to be controlled, satirising their ‘owners’ by adopting their own version of an owner’s mark. She connects this act of ‘defiance’ to the motivation behind her decision to demonstrate her ‘feminist’ principles in the 1990s, wryly remarking that her attempt to protest and be unique fell flat because now ‘even’ the British Prime Minister’s wife has an ankle tattoo. The language the writer uses here is quite mocking of her young self. She separates herself from the young Helen, representing her actions as clichà © and immature, in an attempt to position her readers to view it i n the same way. The comment from young ‘Tash’ (written late at night) is a perfect example of such (some might say misguided) youthful impulsiveness. Readers can hear the excitement in ‘Tash’s’ ‘voice’ as she describes how she ‘designed [her] own ankle bracelet’ and how she likes to ‘show it off’. The use of language such as ‘like’ and ‘yeah’, suggests that she is very young and may one day regret her decision just as Helen Day does. The comment from ‘Cleanskin’ also echoes Day’s point that tattoos ‘fade’ and ‘stretch’ over time and may not suit an older person. These responses underline the writer’s message of ‘act in haste, repent at leisure’ and young readers may cringe when reading ‘Tash’s’ enthusiastic comment. Day concludes her blog entry by redefining the social meaning of tattoos in today’s society. She describes them as having been ‘commodified’, that is, just something else to be bought and sold and with no real significance. She use s the expression ‘try hard’, suggesting that people who have tattoos are doing so to create a false image of themselves in order to find acceptance. Readers would certainly not like to be included in this category. By describing tattoos as ‘fashion’s proprietary mark’, she is claiming that those who decide to tattoo themselves are just as much slaves and prisoners as the original bearers of these marks, it is just that their owner is now ‘fashion’. In suggesting that tattoo wearers are still under the control of an outside force, that  fashion trends are dictating their actions, she hopes that readers will review their attitude to the practice. The contrast between the two accompanying images starkly demonstrates the writer’s argument that the meaning of tattoos has changed. The Ta Moko on the arms of the three Maori men clearly mark them as members of the same clan. The three tattoos are identical to each other, suggesting that the design is traditional and has a particular significance for the wearers. ‘Kiwi’s’ indignant description of non-Maoris imitating the ‘sacred’ Ta Moko as ‘identity theft’ would act as a strong disincentive to readers to undertake such a ‘disgraceful and immoral’ action. The other shoulder tattoo of a star, shown on the front cover of Sam de Brito’s 2006 book, might well have been designed by the wearer, but it has none of the c ultural ‘weight’ of the Ta Moko designs. The images reinforce the idea that it may be fashion that is dictating the current trend to tattoo one’s skin. This blog is certainly cause for thought. Although Helen Day sets out to argue that ‘the power of ink has diminished’, she actually argues against this. In establishing the contention that tattoos are still just as powerful a message about ownership, but that the ‘owner’ has changed from government and slave owner to the tyrant of fashion, she prompts her online audience to rethink whether in deciding to ‘ink’ themselves they are actually being a ‘unique’ rebellious individual or just another fashion victim.

Find Out Who is Concerned About Academic Argumentative Essay Samples and Why You Should be Listening to Them

Find Out Who is Concerned About Academic Argumentative Essay Samples and Why You Should be Listening to Them Get the Scoop on Academic Argumentative Essay Samples Before You're Too Late A very simple counter argument essay sample isn't only simple to use but limits the probability of making many mistakes by a vast percentage. In the end, the conclusion involves a restatement of the position and a succinct review of the reasons and counters. You'll end up lost without having the capability to make an argument and develop it correctly. A comprehensive argument As mentioned before, an argument does not need to be formal. If you get an obvious essay, readers will understand easily what you wish to tell. Do your best in writing the essay and be sure that you are not going to incorporate any opinions. Sometimes though, just some of a Sample essay might help you. You don't need to buy a Sample essay, as it's entirely free. By viewing the Sample essay, you can choose whether you ought to buy an essay for yourself. The Argument About Academic Argumentative Essay Samples The sample is there to offer you an impression on the standard of the paper. Most samples are at no charge. You are likely to be offered an essay on nearly every subject for a specific price. If you understand what you will create GMAT essay, be sure you search the world wide web and read more books. A great essay should have essential points. If you wish to make an academic essay which is both outstanding and relevant, always place the items that we've discussed above in mind. You're able to obtain nearly every Sample essay online for unique subjects. It is possible to write a paper all on your own and even now. You'll be offered to purchase a paper on any subject. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Academic Argumentative Essay Samples Writing up until you arrive at the word count shouldn't be your strategy. An academic letter is not only a document that can showcase your mastery when it has to do with a distinct academic subject. Whether it's an argumentative or expository essay which you're writing, it is crucial to develop a clear thesis statement and a very clear sound reasoning. A great thesis statement is one which stays within a specific scope. Essay writing is an arduous business when you're at college. Essay writing per se is no simple endeavor to do. In conclusion A CV Writing Service should be able to give you a tremendous CV. In other words, an academic essay may be an evidence of the depth of your research procedures and the rest of the activities which you've executed so you can support the content of your written output. The motive of your essay is extremely important to be regarded as as it can identify whether you're able to be of help to the men and women who want a specific educational reference. An argumentative essay example will reveal the should possess some critical components which make it better in the practice of convincing. Any superior task finishes with an excellent conclusion and the very best examples of the argumentative essay will arrive in with a conclusion which has an overview of all of the points together with a gist of the evidences provided. Viewing a Sample essay and considering th e matter of plagiarism is extremely important. Simply type example of an argumentative essay and you'll discover various kinds of samples. In the event the samples aren't good enough, then students should move on to some other organization. College essay samples are everywhere over the web and in many subjects. The essay will test the student wisdom and ability in answering the questions in addition to analyzing the matter. A number of the essays ask that you describe what's happening and a number of them are about why it's happening. Your academic essay should evoke an emotion that is needed to spark different ideas, opinions and other types of responses. Academic Argumentative Essay Samples Fundamentals Explained Students have to know the reason for taking assistance. They rarely report being abused on the Internet, mostly because they realize that their parents and teachers would not help them. If they manage to follow the above mentioned suggestion, they are likely to land on genuine and authentic writing service provider. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Definitions of Academic Argumentative Essay Samples Even today exists a group of individuals who believe essay writing is the simplest aspect of any educational program and that which you have to do there, is to just go on writing whatever and wherever you really feel like writing whatever comes in your mind. Bear in mind an argumentative essay is based more on facts rather than emotion. Always bear in mind your academic essay needs to be playful it must not bore your audience. An argumentative essay is a writing piece intended to persuade a person to believe the way that you do.

How to Overcome Depression and Anxiety - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 658 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Psychology Essay Tags: Anxiety Essay Depression Essay Did you like this example? I want to share with you some ways how you can probably overcome depression and anxiety. Well, Im not going to tell you what to do but I just want to share with you the daily habbits I have to fight depression and anxiety just in case its something that will benefit you and I also look forward to learning from you. So if you know anything and have personal experiences that I wont mention right here, please feel free to leave a comment. First of all, if I hit my knees in the morning when I get up, I pray. Now I want you to know that when I say the word prayer I dont want you to be intimidated because Im not necessarily talking about praying to a Christian God or anything specific culture belief system but Im more talking about getting outside yourself. I think by just putting it to the universe that you need help and you need guidance, youre are therefore looking for strength. It sorts of invokes the sense that youre not doing it alone which usually puts you in a place of feeling like youre going at this condition or youre taking on a day which sometimes can seem impossible with help. Its something that I have fought along time that the more I give myself to it, the better I feel and easier to get out of bed and feel that Im not alone. So if youre desperate enough, I suggest you try this and you can also find incredible meditation practices online if you want to stay away from the word prayer which is totally fine s o dont sleep on that. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How to Overcome Depression and Anxiety?" essay for you Create order Secondly, being social everyday can also beat depression. Well, Im not like saying you go to a giant party with people you dont know but when youre around people that know you, that care about you, that love you and you know, it seem to bring out a better version of you even when youre severely depressed. It could bring some light in you that you thought its completely deem. Im often so uncomfortable being around people that I cant imagine doing it but then I spend sometime with people and when Im done spending time with them, I usually feel grateful that I did. If you spend sometime with a person who understands depression and anxiety, it makes a big difference so dont listen to that voice that tells you to be alone and force yourself because your survival could depend on socializing to activate your recovery from depression. You should also get involved in doing physical exercises. For me, waking up everyday running around, jumping and lifting weight helped me a lot to fight depression. Everybody by now should know the science behind exercising so its just a matter of finding something you feel comfortable doing every single day no matter what. A lot of people also rely on motivation in case they want something to get done but you dont need to get motivated to get it done as long as you believe in the act that you are doing. In other words, if you know its good for you just take your feet and let your brain follow. Lastly, you also need to eat as healthy as you can. Well, Im not talking about what you should or shouldnt have but most people can agree with me that diets high in processed foods with simple carbohydrates and added sugars typically are not very good so literally you should find some form of diet that you can stick to because thats something you can control. Its natural to want to eat so as to comfort yourself and I also did it for a long time but its a downward spiral if it gets itself because it sorts of adds more problems so you should figure out a form of diet that you can stick to.