Tom Sawyer Human Nature Essay - 1578 Words

The true nature of human action remains an enigma for many and it is a question whose answer is everywhere in the civilization that we have all collectively built. The author Jane Austen in persuasion believes that each person is self-serving and kind when it s in their best interest. Contrary to Austen s’ belief, Mark Twain withâ€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† shows a more optimistic view of human nature where the guilt and sense of sympathy are the driving emotions behind every action. Similarly, in the novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn by Betty Smith identifies the empathy and duty as a primary cause for the kindness in each person. Every person is hardwired to be a social and inherently good person driven by the emotional consequences and†¦show more content†¦The same could be applied to a possibly fatal situation. Huckleberry Finn was an abused child who was never treated well by the townspeople, but when he heard Injun Joe want to â€Å"slit [Widow Dougl as’] nostrils and notch her ears like a sow† Huck â€Å"felt silence†¦ more awful than any amount of murderous talk† and precariously ran and reported it to the Welshman. Huckleberry Finn saw that he was in the presence of a criminal act and a possible homicide taking place and he could have hidden away and made sure that he was not found by the perpetrators and that they will not come to take revenge on him upon learning his involvement in their incarcerations. In light of all the dangers that his actions would bring him, he suppresses such thoughts and instead thinks about the well being of a person whom he did not owe anything or know well. Consequently, his natural instinct made him run toward that Welshman to report the crime while aware that his stumbles may tip them of his presence and may lead to his death. Poverty is and has been an issue for the majority of human history, but that lack of resource and struggle to live where one could even be excuse d for being selfish is where miracles of humanity and empathy for each other s pain are shown. The loss of a family member especially the largest wage earner leads to potential starvation and a sense of hopelessness. In the case of Francie Nolan and her brother Neeley, a close friend ofShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Tom Sawyer . __________________. A Book1061 Words   |  5 PagesTHE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER __________________ A Book Review Presented to Mr. Parsons and Mrs. Amy Lack Woodville High School __________________ U.S. History I and English 10 __________________ by Arian Campbell April 19, 2017 The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is a 271-page novel. Tom is a boy, and merely and exactly an ordinary boy on the moral side. What makes him delightful to the reader is that on the imaginative side he is very much more, andRead MoreThe Relationship Between Trilling, And Huckleberry Finn By Leo Marx1315 Words   |  6 PagesFrom Mr. Eliot, Mr. Trilling, and Huckleberry Finn by Leo Marx In this essay, Leo Marx is talking about how the ending of the story in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not well connected to the whole meaning of the events that happens throughout the story. He is saying that the ending of the story throws out completely the plot. Marx is explaining how interesting was the journey that Huck and Jim had, searching for Jim s freedom, but to him everything what they did to get Jim out of thisRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn And Its Characterization951 Words   |  4 Pagesworks, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. They both take place in the time before the Civil War and both have major themes of race and morals. Mark Twain characterizes Jim and Huck as he builds their bonds and relationships. At the same time he teaches that race should not determine the status of a relationship. Twain characterizes Huck from the beginning. He also characterizes Huck all through his first book, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. When Huck is first introducedRead MoreHuckleberry Finn - the Controversial Ending2199 Words   |  9 Pagesgender indifference, but the brunt of the criticism has surrounded itself around the ending, most notably with the re-entry of Tom Sawyer. Some people viewed the ending as a bitter disappointment, as shared by people such as Leo Marx. The ending can also be viewed with success, as argued by such people as Lionel Trilling, T.S. Eliot, V. S. Pritchett and James M. Cox in their essays and reviews. I argue that the ending of the novel proves successful in justifying the innocence of childhood through suchRead More Escaping Reality in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1306 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor tribulations during their lives. Literary romanticism can be pleasant, but it is not real and can confuse those not sage enough to distinguish the difference between a writers fantasy and their reality. For a person who sees the delusions that humans allow themselves, this can be aggravating. The annoyance caused is not the problem, however. It is the harm caused. The romantic problems brought to light in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn show how desperate mankind is to escape from its problemsRead MoreMark Twain s The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn And The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer1226 Words   |  5 Pageshumorous even while it probes, often bitterly, the roots of human behavior. His writing, Shelley Fisher Fishkin who is one of the leading scholars on the work of Mark Twain in American culture and literature observes, involves an entreaty to rethink, reevaluate and reformulate the terms in which one defines both personal and national identity. Twain hoped to coax us out of our timid and suspicious privacy and into recognition of human equality and of the dignity of self-governing citizenship.Read More The Final Episod e of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn3016 Words   |  13 PagesImportance of the Final Episode of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the things many critics of Huckleberry Finn   just cant seem to understand is the final episode of the novel where Tom returns and sidetracks Huck from his rescue of Jim through a long series of silly, boyish plans based on ideas Tom has picked up from Romantic novels, such as those of Walter Scott.   Critic Stephen Railton dismisses these final chapters as just another version of their Royal Nonesuch (405);Read MoreThe Cultural Values Of This Southern Antebellum Time2321 Words   |  10 Pagesget him through life. He is kind and helpful towards Huck. He is often very gullible and very uneducated. †¢ Tom Sawyer: Tom Sawyer is one of Huck’s best friends. He is very imaginative, mischievous and clever. He is educated and gets most of his adventurous ideas from his literature. Tom still views Jim as property, while Huck sees him as a friend and human being. This comes apparent when Tom uses Jim as a prisoner, even though he knew Jim was already a freed slave. †¢ The Duke and the King: these twoRead MoreTo What Extent Can Childhood Be Considered a Social Construction?1489 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent can childhood be considered a social construction? This essay will analyse the major experiences by which childhood is constructed: one determined by the society and the other examined personally. Following this approach will be explained socially constructed childhood that asserts children’s attitudes, expectations and understandings that are defined by a certain society or culture. Furthermore various aspects of childhoods will be taken into account in relation to social, economicRead MoreEssay Mark Twain2590 Words   |  11 Pagesexperience. # Two of his best-known novels show this trait, in his Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain immortalized the sleepy little town of Hannibal, Missouri (the fictional St. Petersburg), as well as the steamboats which passed through it daily, in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The various characters are based on types which Twa in encountered

Review of Related Foreign Literature - 1844 Words

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies. It contains a review of books and studies on the subject matter conducted here and abroad and their relation to the present research. The researcher looked for a number of foreign and local studies and some related literatures that have either direct or indirect bearing to the study. Foreign Literature Student Retention Policy Department of Special Education, Counseling, and Student Affairs Kansas State University – Kansas City, TX We, the Faculty of the Department of Special Education, Counseling, and Student Affairs, support a regularized system for monitoring academic and professional (e.g., affective, ethical,†¦show more content†¦As a result of these contacts and discussions, the Program Leader will, with the combined judgment of those acquainted with the student’s performance, decide whether or not further action should be taken at this time, and if so, will establish what the appropriate steps are, given the conditions of concern. In cases where student performance is deficient, the student should be informed (by the persons stipulated above) about the nature of the deficiency, should be encouraged to state his or her views of the situation, and, except in extreme or dangerous circumstances, given an opportunity to improve. Formal Proceedings: To be implemented when Denial of a Privilege is contemplated 1. When a concern reaches a point at which the denial of a privilege is contemplated (for example, denying a practicum or internship placement), formal procedures must be initiated. At that point, the Program Leader will form a committee of three faculty members--one member being outside the Department--to discuss the perceived problems. Ordinarily this committee will include those persons most directly involved with the student as well as one or more persons who will, by virtue of their previous experience in these kinds of proceedings, be able to provide continuity. If necessary, the Program Leader will be designated to act to ensure that the student understands the process. This committee willShow MoreRelatedPricing For Export Market Is The Most Important Factors Determining The Performance Of Export Ventures1186 Words   |  5 PagesPricing for export market is one of the most important factors determining the performance of export ventures. Scholars describe the export pricing as one of the prime devices used by the exporters to adapt offering to fulfil the requirement of foreign markets (Myers et al 2000). In the competitive export pricing environment, it is expected that export performance is impact ed by competitive export pricing. According to Porter (1980), in an increasing competitive environment in the international marketsRead MoreDeterminants Of Residential Property Investment1210 Words   |  5 Pagesby news media regarding the foreign investment in Australia’s residential property (FIRP) (BBC news 2016). Thus, it is significant to identify the driving force for Chinese investing in Australia’s residential property market. This research paper aims to discover the determinants of residential property investment by Chinese in Melbourne and its significance to investor’s decision. Numbers of literature will be reviewed to examine the possible motivation for foreign direct investment (FDI) in AustraliaRead MoreExport Pricing Strategies1742 Words   |  7 PagesFirm contemplating to enter into a new foreign market and/or expanding its existing operations, pricing of its products and services plays a key role in its success or failure. Businesses engaged in international operations need to adhere to effective pricing strategies, as it is one of the critical factors in determining the competitive position of the companies in the foreign market. Therefore, it is not a surprise that an international marketer, even when it is devised with the right productsRead MoreAssessing and Measuring Competitiveness of Commercial Banks in Vietnam1304 Words   |  5 PagesThe main goal of this section is to provide a review on literature and related models to the research problem. Generally, there are numerous empirical analyses by international scholars about assessing and measuring competitiveness of commercial banks. However, there is no any study related to this problem in Vietnam. Firstly, the school using Factor Analysis method to measure competitiveness of commercial banks, XIA Bin, PAN Bin, và   XIA Hui, (2008) said that the sharp change in the management environmentRead MoreForeign Direct Investment1674 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Foreign Direct Investment, or FDI, is a type of investment that involves the injection of foreign funds into an enterprise that operates in a different country of origin from the investor† (economy watch). The determinants of foreign direct investment may be the socio-economic, financial and the cultural factors which usually have positive and negative effect on the foreign direct investment. The risk is attached to the determinants of foreign direct investment. This paper examinesRead MoreCauses and Effects of Chinese Mainland Student Interpreter Interpretation Anxiety1707 Words   |  7 Pagesinterpretation anxiety related to general anxiety, foreign language anxiety and interpretation achievements? The following literature review provides successively the literature reviews about general anxiety theory, foreign language anxiety theory and interpretation anxiety theory followed by the theory the relationship between interpretation anxiety and interpretation achievements. The n, the paper briefly reviews the early researches done in interpretation anxiety. After that, a research related with the relationshipRead MoreChina and the Automobile Industry895 Words   |  4 Pages with the mix of other macro economic variables, the future trend of the industry may take a different direction due to possible factors for instance domestic foreign investment (DFI) and possible market saturation or even economic downfall. The aim of this research is to examine the future trend of the industry through the varied related macroeconomic variables. The researcher asks: What future growth is expected in the Chinese automotive industry following its historical trend? In order to answerRead MoreImpact of Remittance Due to Immigration in Nepal1607 Words   |  6 Pagesdestination for Nepali labor and source of remittances. Human resources are the wealth of nation and their importance has tremendously increased in recent years for unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled people have shown tremendous inclination towards foreign employment resulting in substantial growth of remittance economy (Dahal, 2007). The outflow of migration from the developing countries can be attributed to various reasons like lack of employment opportunities, poverty, natural disasters, lack ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Foreign Direct Investments In China1306 Words   |  6 PagesOver the last few decades, foreign investors flock China to take advantage of the fast-growing market. Today, this story has slightly changed. As China grows economically, it has increasingly invested in other foreign markets. These increasing investment deals are part of Chinas plan to triple its global assets by 2020. In fact, Chinese outward direct investments (ODI) in 2015, with a value of $145 billion, accounted for ten percent of the global foreign direct investment flows (Dreger et al., 2017)Read MoreThesis Video Rental on-Line System: a Proposed System to A. Mabini Video City Inc.1345 Words   |  6 PagesFramework INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Home Click the Home link To view the whole home page Movie Click the Movie link To view the movie page were posted the latest, new release and description Reviews Click the Reviews link To view movie reviews were can be posted the comments and reviews News Click the News link To view latest movie news About us Click the About us link To view the company profile My account Click the My account link To view the accounts info and to fill up the

Aging and Cognitive Status Free Essays

The following paragraph will identify the physical manifestations of aging, thus illustrating the most commonly viewed perception about elderly – forgetfulness. What is it all about and why and how does it affect human lives. This essay will answer the question as to whether forgetfulness is a pathologic or biologic characteristic of aging. We will write a custom essay sample on Aging and Cognitive Status or any similar topic only for you Order Now The premise on which this paper operates on is the inference and personal opinion of the author relative to the effects and conditions of forgetfulness, its impact to both young and old alike. Aging is tantamount to the degeneration of all bodily functions, until such time when the function exhausts itself and degenerate. This is because the life span of the human cell only extends up to such time until it no longer regenerates. As we age, the usual optimal level of bodily functions that we have gotten used to begins to slow down. This also holds true with the cognitive and motor functions. In the cognitive aspect, aging brings along the tendency of memory loss and focus. Older people sometimes finds it hard to remember events that took place in the past, even more so with events which took place just recently. Cognition won’t be as efficient and sharp as it used to be. There is the deterioration of vision and eyesight that sometimes causes a great deal of confusion among elderly and sometime the same culprit as that of accidents and fall. As for motor functioning, there is the slowing down of bodily movements, as in the case of slow movement. One of the possible reasons can be attributed to the poor vision, where in they move slowly because they can not see very clearly therefore requiring them to make sure every step they make. Certain cells in the brain die causing it to alter cognition in a way also affecting other functions like the satiety, taste buds memory and etc. This is true to almost every human being, although the rate of deterioration may differ on a case to case basis, depending on how the body has been taken cared for while in their youth (AAGP. 2004). Almost every elderly, experiences a certain percentage of memory loss, deterioration of vision and taste buds, as well as that of motor functions at certain point in time. Although, the hearing, memory, taste and vision loss is common among elderly, this can also happen in earlier stages of life, especially so with accidents causing injury or trauma to the central nervous system. Forgetfulness also happens to young people, which is especially true when there are a lot of things going on in a person’s life. Sometimes, there are just too many things to take care of, responsibilities at home, in school, the family and even to self. Sometimes it is the kind of lifestyle that causes this. Memory lapse can be a bothersome thing, however temporary they may be; the idea of forgetting things can be so irritating especially if you lost it at the time it is most needed. The best thing to do if this happens to younger people like me is to stop whatever it is that I am doing and concentrate, de-stress and relax, so that the thought comes back when the body is at the state of ease and comfort (Rauch. 2005). Reference Page AAGP [American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry]. (2004). Geriatrics and Mental Health fact sheet. Retrieved online on 14 Feb 2007 from http://aagponline.org/prof/facts_mh.asp Rauch, Kate. (2005). Why are many elderly people forgetful? It may be the blues. A WebMD article published in MedicineNet webpage last Jan 30, 2005. Retrieved 14 Feb 2007 from: http://www.webmd.com/content/article/13/1674_50449 How to cite Aging and Cognitive Status, Papers

An image of ones own Essay Example For Students

An image of ones own Essay At an Atlanta festival, black America through the eyes of black artists I hardly go to the theatre these days. Why do these younger black writers have to use so much cussin and crotch-grabbin, and men calling each other nigger every other word? The question was posed by the distinguished older woman in the seat beside me the matron, it turns out, of an established black Atlanta family and mother of Ivy-educated doctors and lawyers. Happily for her, the presentation we were waiting to see that sultry afternoon at the 1992 National Black Arts Festival in Atlanta was scrupulously inoffensive a worthy drama rich in its representation of solid family values. By contrast, in the play I saw later that evening, expletives were tossed about as freely as frisbies at a summer picnic and crotch-grabbing was de rigeur. My matronly neighbor would have undoubtedly escaped at intermission, retreating to the protective walls of positive imagery of Black Folks. Such imagery was in plentiful supply, side-by-side with rougher, more cutting-edge work, Aug. 3-9 at the biennial festival of performance, visual arts, music, dance, film, literature and folk arts. Inaugurated in 1988 as a cultural encore to that years Atlanta Democratic National Convention, the festival was conceived by the Fulton County commissioner as a forum for artists of African descent from here and abroad. At venues throughout the metro Atlanta area, jazz concerts showcased living legends such as Tito Puente and Max Roach; film retrospectives highlighted the achievements of Ousmane Sembene of Senegal and Sergio Giral of Cuba (both of whom were present at the festival); a two-day Roots and Branches folk arts festival represented the evolution of African culture through reproductions of West African and Caribbean villages, a Gullah settlement from the Carolina coast, and a black Seminole village of Texas. If the NBAF can be said to have a theme, it is the discovery of what it means to be black in America articulated by as many different, passionate voices as can be brought together at one time. This year, stereotypes were confronted and avoided, parodied and mythologized, deconstructed and denounced; depictions of the burgeoning black middle class (the aforementioned positive images) had their moments onstage, as did those of angry, inner-city black males. But unlike the portrayals we are accustomed to seeing on television and in movies, these were all created by black people. Audiences which counted among their numbers well-bred southern debutantes; younger, hipper Atlantans; visitors from across the country pricked up their ears to the messages behind the performances, keeping the crucial factor of who created them in mind. The festivals theatre agenda encompassed a melange of genres from the splashy Broadway musical The Wiz, featuring Stephanie Mills in a role she created almost 20 years ago; to the South African musical Sheilas Day, directed by Mbongeni Ngema; to a trio of staged readings by Laurie Carlos, Paul Carter Harrison and Glenda Dickerson; to performance art by more obscure but provocative artists such as the Hittite Empire of Los Angeles. The latter group, a hard-hitting, no-holds-barred ensemble of about a half-dozen men and one woman, presented a new work called River as part of a performance-art series trendily titled Blue Light Basement: From Jukehouse to Funkhouse. The Hittites aim to articulate the New Black Aesthetic as well as address current problems in the black community in the words of its leader Keith Antar Mason, to explore our hidden mysteries and mythologies in order to understand ourselves better. River is a ritualistic performance that begins with the displaced voice of Mason echoing from backstage. Is it hard for you to breathe out there? he intones, as the small theatre fills with the scent of heavy incense. Can you breathe in history, Atlanta? In the course of relating what Mason characterized as the true story of a black American filmmaker who went to seek artistic freedom in Berlin in the 1930s and became a beloved artist of Hitlers, four actors relentlessly demonstrate the goose step; when Hit ler talks of his New World Order and the ascent of the Aryan race, the black film. makers response is a deadpan, America has already beat you to it. (At a Q--A session after the show, Mason indicated that the artists story could be found on page 119 of a book called Negro Film Makers. A thorough check of the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library the following day uncovered no such text, however.) River goes on to deal intelligently with another issue too often left unaddressed-relationships between black men and black women. If I could find one black man who loves me, a lone woman laments; she moves into a sensual, spasmodic dance behind a scrim resembling a gigantic spiders web, while the four men onstage clutch bottles to their chests and drink themselves into a spiritual abyss. .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9 , .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9 .postImageUrl , .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9 , .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9:hover , .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9:visited , .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9:active { border:0!important; } .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9:active , .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9 .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34eb24dfd3a571f627e44514bad673e9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Road to recovery or road to nowhere EssayThe hero of Paul Carter Harrisons Goree Crossing has fallen into his own spiritual void, but meets his salvation in a southern backwash, circa 1918. A staged reading of the work about racial violence, directed by Negro Ensemble Company founder Douglas Turner Ward, was presented as part of the festivals New Play Project, a component of the festival that will begin commissioning plays for 1994. In what might be described as a blues/spirituals operetta, Harrisons protagonist, Chap Chapman, is a sidditty Negro from up North, a vaudeville star who thinks hes too highbrow to associate with the country Negroes of Goree Crossing. Chap arrog antly performs show tunes like Im just a Hottentot and Jim Crow and callously lashes out at the voodoo-practicing niggas around him until the lynching of a mulatto man in town precipitates a crisis. Too long (nearly four hours) in its present form, the play is nevertheless lush with mythological elements (a young woman tells a story of a magical river where blacks washed to become white) and in this reading benefitted from a talented cast and chorus. Ward himself shone as Papa Da, a scary old man who lives in a mudhole and becomes the deus ex machina during the plays intoxicating finale. A vastly different depiction of life in a southern town is offered in Valetta Andersons Shell Find Her Way Home, premiered by Atlantas Jomandi Productions in February of 1991 and remounted for the festival. Based on the true story of a family of former slaves who owned three plantations in pre- and post-war Mississippi, Shell Find Her Way Home traces the founding of an all-black town, Mound Bayou, Miss., in the 1880s. Suggests playwright Anderson, I want to write stories about overcoming, about other elements of our history. In particular, the story of the black middle class has been missed. Not everyone was dealing with overseers and an animalistic mentality. Anderson is currently at work on a trilogy about this unacknowledged aspect of black American history. Alonzo D. Lamont Jr.s Vivisections from the Blown Mind, first produced at Washington, D.C.s Arena Stage in 1991 and presented at the festival by Atlantas 7 Stages under Clinton Turner Daviss direction, fast-forwarded audiences into the harsh realities of life for the 1990s black male. Castro, a young rap artist, is no product of the ghetto (his mom is a teacher, his dad an engineer, and he is college-educated), but he must play the role of the gangsta rapper in order to succeed in white-dominated Hollywood. His relationship with Angelique, the smart, sexy white woman who strategically handles his affairs, is reminiscent of that between Lula and Clay in Amiri Barakas seminal 1964 work Dutchman, in which the white woman, through a cunning game of sexual politics, attempts to penetrate the psyche of a black man. Castro is also a movie actor, and the signature moment of his action-adventure flicks is also his greatest source of humiliation: In classic Steppin Fetchit fashion with bugged eyes and wide grin Castro is called upon to point a gun at his enemy and proclaim, I aint be dead, eat lead. Castros identity is caught in a vortex between the hilariously exaggerated stereotypes of the past and the more subtle but no less damaging portrayals of the present-day black man. Playwright Lamont makes no apologies for the powerful language (not to mention crotch-grabbing) put to the service of telling his story, but he betrays more than a touch of cynicism about black audience reaction to Vivisections and the state of black theatre in general. With black drama these days, if its not about sisterhood, theres not much of a chance for success, he observes. When you have a black man onstage, people are prepared to take an unintellectual journey. Standards are lowered. They are dealing with the image and not with the language. .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9 , .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9 .postImageUrl , .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9 , .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9:hover , .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9:visited , .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9:active { border:0!important; } .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9:active , .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9 .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua39761f1e855eb7ba25105c9f54f94b9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Greek Theatre EssayLamonts complaint is just one reflection of the myriad approaches to theatre and the productive dialectical process that a festival on the scale of NBAF encourages. What became clear by festivals end is that there is more than one black American experience and more than one viable way to depict accurately our different shades of blackness.

HR Conducts Functions For The Annual Performance

Question: Explain about the effect functions where the HR conducts functions for the annual performance of all the goals and different programs of development? Answer: Introduction Nowadays, as humans might also comprehend, handling human beings is a extensive difficulty within the commercial enterprise environment and additionally being complicated due to the network and subculture has been modified because the generation evolved. As a result, a group of companies cant simply ignore about their managing employees because the perspective of individual assets in an enterprise benefits a large part of the organization's value. To be specific, since the Nineteen Eighties, the approach of HRM has been a continually critical troubles for learning (Lengnick-corridor and Lengnick-hall,1988; Terpstra and Rozell, 1993; Wright et al., 1998).Through coping with their personnel, the corporation can foster the top sorts of employees behaviour that is important to reaching competitive approach (Dowling and Schuler, 1990; Grundy, 1998; Schuler, 1987; Schuler and Jackson, 1987a). The report would address significance of effeciently dealing with the employment cycle inside an organisation ,moreover, stress the position and significance of regulation for this topic. Definition of Employment Cycle Facts from Willey, (2015), defined it contain employer selection employment call for consistent with enterprise get access to. As quickly as employment desires are decided, organizations start to hire new people. Relationship Employment Cycle and Human Resources management The most of business enterprise has to make a scheme for the positions that always come to be to alternative personnel as employees retire, go away or get promoted. Furthermore, new positions need to be created due to the fact the agency extends. Therefore, for most companies, determining staffing desires is a non-save you way. The significance and role of HRM in Employment cycle According to report written by using Fang Lee Cooke, (2000), and CIPD,(2007), provide an explanation for In HRM, Recruitment, preference and motivation method is one of the maximum huge factors that let it grow and success of company. Recruiting and deciding on incorrect human beings for a business enterprise can motive expanded labour fees, multplied turnover, and furthermore it is able to lower the morale of the prevailing employees of the business enterprise. However, motivation can beautify the loyalty of personnel to organisation and boom the productivity of the corporation. For this reason, HR desires to recruit the ones folks who are keen to work with their brilliant and deliver them education and motivation for fulfillment of business business enterprise. To do that corporation needs a successful HR characteristic and technique that they are able to offer super enough help, motivation and education to employees. Rothwell (2008, p.23) debates that it's far compulsory for manager in agency to be superb at humans-abilities for it is the human beings running at the organization which may be the maximum important human beings in the organisation. Without human beings within the business organisaition, then the companies does no longer acquire its goals and desires. They are the individual that make things shifting. Therefore, there are not any escaping humans-capabilities if industrial enterprise mission is to relatively carry out. The employment cycle Planning The making plans in the fame stage of the employment cycle engage in searching ahead to workers variety to be had and qualified workers extensive variety requested in the future. Planning for HR has to be related to commercial enterprise technique due to the reality enterprise agency has to assume over a lot of things: expense and vacancy availability, context. Recruitment and selection It is the maximum important component of the HR department. That is the feature ensures the company's pick the most skillful and succesful human beings amongs different candidates. Statistics from CIPD, (2015), recruitment is the approach of having the appropriate individual, in the proper place, on the proper time. It is crucial to organisational performance. Recruiting employee is particularly highly-priced interest it meant it is critical part of maximum commercial enterprise. To boom safety degree of this stage, irrespective of the size or nature of the company, having a fair hiring people and preference procedure in location and is continuously achieved. As a result, while business enterprise select the proper people for role, teach them nicely and deal with them because it ought to be. Through those activities, it will result in not best make ideal consequences including effective and better stimulated work but moreover have tended to determine to the enterprise longer. There's example how crucial recruitment and choice is in company. In keeping with commercial employer case studies, (2015), Cummins has awared of getting it proper. Terrible choice on the recruitment can show a lot of expense. So, the employer has to make sure of a candidate's technical competency. To be detail, at the same time as engineer designs actually one in every of components that fail and must be re engineered. In this case, this will have an impact on losing time and money and may incur penalty expenses about any postpone for contracts. Money and time the company spent in recruiting that worker will have proved pricey and wasteful whilst a higher candidate may not have 'were given away' but additionally prolonged gone to a competitor. Recruitment and choice process is concerning about recognizing, attracting and choosing suitable individual to satisfy company human resources of condition set by company (Anderson, 2001). Furthermore, it is able to be described like "Recruitment and selection are conceived as the system by way of which corporations request, settlement and interest capacity appointees, after which set up whether or not it might be fitting to designate any of them" (Watson, 1994) . Essentially, the hiring way is classified as within organisation and from outside. This process might be categorised as the position, attracting applications, dealing with the applying and selecting way, creating the appointment. Each way has advantages and downsides. So, it is used depends on company and situation. Report from Wiley, (2015), selecting worker could be described as a screening or filtering procedure. It consists of collecting facts of every applicants and possible for a position, and in a while using that supply to pick out the quality right applicants. Interviews, test, body test and reference checks are all important factors of this process. In selecting employees, the idea is to select the maximum fitting person who has the talents that outstanding in shape the placement, in desire to the applicant with the maximum qualifications. To decide choosing worker might be the expensive procedure no longer simply as extended way because the effort and time put into the screening technique, moreover in point view of the expense for irrelevant choice. Consequently, it must be efficient, effective and honest. The negative selection procedure can purpose to multiplied charge and reduce productiveness via growing: training expense, process dissatisfaction and so forth. So, it shows that dealing with HRM correctly in enterprise is considered one of vital factors. Maintenance Induction ACEVEDO, J.M. And YANCEY, G.B. (2011) stated Induction may be described system in which workers adapt or are being accustomed to their company and operating environment. As a component of this, orientation might be utilised for especial course or training pastime that new starters attend, and socialisation can describe the method in which new employees broaden operating relationships and discover acting for themselves of their new organizations. A purpose for this programme is to assure that representatives are incorporating brilliant into or across the business for the benefit of each factors. Studies thru TAYLOR, S. (2014), shows that induction programmes advantages employers and personnel. For employers, these consist of enhancing performance, downing turnover rate and absenteeism, and developing worker loyalty and satisfaction. For representatives, starting a latest role in new corporation may be nervous time because they are now not familiar with the brand new operating surroundings and colleagues. By giving induction programme, it make them look deeply the organisation, their position, competencies of operating and assembly colleagues. So this suggests significance of operating Induction programmes in organistion to provide personnel can get benefits both aspects. Training and development Bramley's (2003), mentioned education of worker includes studying and educating employees to do something to bring about topics being completed in an expansion of way. Armstrong (2008), described improvement is method for training equipped employees for future obligations including with formal and informal education, mentoring, education. For the company, it is tremendous of planning for personnel within the in which the firm guarantee that all of the representatives under its wing are without a doubt to feature adding worth to the business employer. The enterprise company responds to those kinds of problems by means of consisting of a right structure and beneficial professionals, which encompass HRM managers (Buller et all, 2003, p. 324). Benefits of Training and Development Article from The Economic Times,(2015), it explained a number of reasons of significance for training and development. Wagner,(2000), said companies which might be providing the training and development for his or her workers are possibly to gain high level of employee pleasure and low employee turnover. Through supplying education and improvement programmes, worker can improve their weakness. To be detail, each man or woman has weaknesses, so when it is addressed by way of providing the ones programmes then they might recognise their issues and get self assurance in work they do now which supposed they could improve those things overall performance. Further, it influences worker satisfaction and self-pushed because they have already got self belief in their work and recognise what to do. As a end result, for organisation and employees, they may growth productivity. Recognition and reward According to Workforce, (2013), In fact, a 2012 study by the practice Aon Hewitt examined the link between corporations monetary performance and worker engagement and located a one mathematical notation increase in workers World Health Organization became engaged resulted in an exceedingly 0.6% growth in sales. The 2013 Trends in world worker Engagement report checked out knowledge from 2008 to 2012 from ninety four world firms with nearly nine million workers. This system can also enhance the method to make easy change or assist suited corporation values, together with a point at the purchaser. For instance, Information from Wiley, (2015), shows that BHP Billiton offer awards which include health, protection, the environment and network of people to comprehend individual who show company values and move beyond their each day process requirements to care for their fellow personnel, the network and the surroundings. It shows importance for the company to make recognition and reward pr ogrammes to provide employees and increase the profit and productivity of employee by managing HRM effectively in organisation. Performance management A procedure which help to the effective manipulate of human beings and groups with view to achieving high levels of organisational overall performance (Armstrong and Baron, 2004).It has a extraordinary feature to contribute in enhancing organisational fulfillment thru way of ensuring that each one person understand their anticipated contribution to employer goals and are inspired and prepared with the skills and help to gain this (CIPD, 2015). So it should be strategic, intergrated. HR role in performance management However, there is probably trouble about overall performance control. Business require 20% improvement in standard overall performance from employees to assure that the business enterprise reason is met, however the past 15 years have watched approximately 10% improvement (HR magazine, 2015). Survey from CIPD about worker Outlook Survey, (2014), located out over 30% for personnel within the United Kingdom consider the overall overall performance manner of their organisation is arbitrary. Article from HR magazine, (2015), research by Badendoch and Clark, (2012), supports this, explaining that 37% of personnel believe assessment of appraisal are a wasting of time and is not useful to their career improvement. HR has been aware of this now for many years, however hasnt done fixed what traditionally damaged framework is. Termination This will be described as whilst employees go away the chosen operating environment, finishing the connection of employment. It is normally managed through the human resources manager, who has to assure that handled each pretty and in the law. There are a number of motives why people go away an enterprise which incorporates retirement, dismissal and redundancy. But, especially, it can be categorized because a spread of forms of separation into : voluntary and involuntary (Wiley, ,2015). Retirement and dismissal, redundancy Retirement is even as personnel voluntarily leave the corporation. Until the mid-Eighties, it has been common for guys to retire when they reached sixty five years of age and girls once they reached 60 years of age. As law has changed in the 1990s, there was no set retirement age (Wiley, 2015). Now they may be capable of select out after they would like to retire it is voluntary. But there may be tragedy for voluntary retirement unavoidably due to financial recession. for instance, article from Korea Herlad (2015), it stated with the global economic meltdown and exclusive tragedy blocking off organisation opportunities, the business enterprise have become the problem of marketplace worries from late 2012-2013, when the enterprises center slipped into the red. Doosan Infracore it truly is a key Doosan associates, has asked all 3,000 staffs to register for voluntary retirement programmes that provide 1-2years of earnings Staffs to use for voluntary retirement programmes that deliver 1- 2years of income. In actual situation, the personnel make unacceptable behavior and it will become vital for company to dismiss the employment agreement of that worker. Consequently, selecting employees for this problem might be volatile and requires information of law and enterprise agreements to prevent prison movement. The employer should deliver personnel less expensive notification and follow rule set in regulation concerning the unfair dismissal. So, it is very important for company to manage the organization efficiently. But, there can be unfair dismissal instance. Tesco in Irish employee was sacked for consuming eggs, beans, toast and sausages because they did not pay for this straight away. The worker in canteen described that staffs are not permitted to hold money at the same time as working. In proof, former workers defined there has been no strict policy for food may be paid for via personnel after consumption (independent, 2016).Therefore, employee who turned into dismissed got reward fro m Tesco. This example shows that the significance of dealing with dismissal personnel because failing to control their employees, it reason losing cash and popularity. Legal aspect on Regulation of Employment cycle According to Department for Business innovation Skills, (2013), law did have an effect on practices to some extent, employers mainly stating on: Equality law, in that organization developed practices to demonstrate that their purpose for choosing amongst candidates have been now not discriminatory; Eligibility to work: the company that hired migrant personnel, as well as those in sure sectors, mainly finance and protection, were required to carry out in particular past assessments earlier than taking on personnel. Agency workers Directive: Business enterprise workers Directive: the adjustments to enterprise employees rights after 12 weeks demoralise employers from the use of agency employees for longer-time period roles, selecting as an alternative to apply constant-term contracts. The importance of Fairness According to Brighton Hove city council, (2013), all workers has legal right to protect from no discrimination happen within the establishment method because of gender, race, incapacity, age, sexual orientation and religion. Equality of possibility is a fundamental part of the recruitment and choosing the way, and to this cease employers might also give training and motivation to any under-represented group. The impact of employment legislation on people management Employment legislation on people management is important to take care of organization and meeting the demand as per the creative management. The important continues to hold and work on behavioral dynamics for problem solving and prioritizing the maximized outputs. The situations need to work on issues and all improper conducts with the performance issues. The effective investigation is based on gathering and allowing to assess for reducing stress with changing the short time work processes. The people management works on motivation and improvement of communication standards based on performance system. The skills are valued to take care of all the employee health which supports to conduct and handle the values with the maximized skills and reducing all the stress taking action. According to Chron,(2015), there are several impact of employment legislation on HRM In terms of employee, they can be protected from discrimination and wage hours, medical. To be specific, in past, when the policy and law was not set specifically, organisation has discriminated the applicants and their workers regarding race, gender, disability and so on because there was no law for keeping this. However, as the society has changed, the right of human being has increased so a lot of law and policy to come out to meet this condition. For example, these days, most of company has maintained fairness stance of recruiting or managing people. Also, they provide a lot of benefits which are education fees and medical checking, incentive for over time working to their employees because the oranisation has obligation to care for their employees. If this was not regulated, many workers will suffer from those kinds of problems.Through legislation on HRM, the employee could enhance job security level in organisation. Secondly, for company, they have to check the law and policy regularly to manage legislation. So it will cause a lot of money to settle down this system on organisation. To be detail, when the law is changed, company has to change their policy based on law and also they have responsibility to notify and educate their employee of this. Consequently, legislation on people management will affect a lot of money. Ensure a strategic and effective approach to the management of people of employment cycle The HRM policy needs to work on the four Cs of commitment, competency and effectiveness of cost and congruence which will help in setting the work to enhance communication and commitment. The mapping of all the skills try to work on handling the policies which evolve important cost effective terms based on technology and management. The communication skills need to be focused on for a better training and sales. The recruitment should focus on the knowledge of product and whether the employee has worked on all the market offerings and changing trends of the market. This will enhance a complete changing knowledge in the workplace. (Smith et al., 2015). The retailing factor works on monetary benefits and different prospective of growth and enrichment of job factor. This will help in properly managing the employment cycle, with certain rewarding and recognition as per the behavioral impact. The performance is based on growth and opportunity which directs to satisfying all the rewards of responsibility and recognition pattern. Conclusion There are effect functions where the HR conducts functions for the annual performance of all the goals and different programs of development. The approach to handle the HR and IT development programs work over handling all the incentives and processes which can change and create the gulf of organization strategy. The packages and the organization work on periodic meetings to handle all the relative aligned patterns of the corporative objectives. The design phase are based on maintaining the collection of data and process the scorecards to evaluate the performance of the people. (Smith et al., 2015). The communication process works on supporting all the responsibility plans to percolate up through the organization and handle the strategic execution for executing and creating a better HR training plan. The supervision of budgets are planned under the responsibility with the different functional units. The alignment process and handling the review strategy directs to setting the develop ment and formulation of entire planning framework. This will set the conduction of all the plans and organize the strategic meetings as per the performance formulation system. The communication strategy is for understand all the support to democratize the existing responsibility. The management of all the strategic initiatives screen, select and manage to drive the changes with better production of results.

Battle of Austerlitz in the Napoleonic Wars

Battle of Austerlitz in the Napoleonic Wars The Battle of Austerlitz was fought December 2, 1805, and was the deciding engagement of the War of the Third Coalition (1805) during the Napoleonic Wars (1803 to 1815). Having crushed an Austrian army at Ulm earlier that fall, Napoleon drove east and captured Vienna. Eager for battle, he pursued the Austrians northeast from their capital. Reinforced by the Russians, the Austrians gave battle near Austerlitz in early December. The resulting battle is often considered Napoleons finest victory and saw the combined Austro-Russian army driven from the field. In the wake of the battle, the Austrian Empire signed the Treaty of Pressburg and left the conflict. Armies Commanders France Napoleon65,000 to 75,000 men Russia Austria Tsar Alexander IEmperor Francis II73,000 to 85,000 men A New War Though fighting in Europe had ended with the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, many of the signatories remained unhappy with its terms. Increasing tensions saw Britain declare war on France on May 18, 1803. This saw Napoleon revive plans for a cross-channel invasion and he began concentrating forces around Boulogne. Following the French execution of  Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien, in March 1804, many of the powers in Europe became increasingly concerned over French intentions. Later that year, Sweden signed an agreement with Britain opening the door to what would become the Third Coalition. Mounting a relentless diplomatic campaign, Prime Minister William Pitt concluded an alliance with Russia in early 1805. This came about despite British concern over Russias growing influence in the Baltic. A few months later, Britain and Russia were joined by Austria, which having been twice defeated by the French in recent years, sought to exact revenge. Napoleon Responds With threats emerging from Russia and Austria, Napoleon abandoned his ambitions to invade Britain during the summer of 1805  and turned to deal with these new adversaries. Moving with speed and efficiency, 200,000 French troops departed their camps near Boulogne and began crossing the Rhine along a 160-mile front on September 25. Responding to the threat, Austrian General Karl Mack concentrated his army at the fortress of Ulm in Bavaria. Conducting a brilliant campaign of maneuver, Napoleon swung north and descended on the Austrian rear. After winning a series of battles, Napoleon captured Mack and 23,000 men at Ulm on October 20. Though the victory was dampened by Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelsons triumph at Trafalgar the next day, the Ulm Campaign effectively opened the way to Vienna which fell to French forces in November. To the northeast, a Russian field army under General Mikhail Illarionovich Golenischev-Kutusov had gathered and absorbed many of the remaining Austrian units. Moving towards the enemy, Napoleon sought to bring them to battle before his lines of communication were severed or Prussia entered the conflict. Allied Plans On December 1, the Russian and Austrian leadership met to decide their next move. While Tsar Alexander I wished to attack the French, Austrian Emperor Francis II and Kutuzov preferred to take a more defensive approach. Under pressure from their senior commanders, it was finally decided that an attack would be made against the French right (southern) flank which would open a path to Vienna. Moving forward, they adopted a plan devised by Austrian Chief of Staff Franz von Weyrother which called for four columns to assault the French right. The Allied plan played directly into Napoleons hands. Anticipating that they would strike at his right, he thinned it to make it more alluring. Believing that this assault would weaken the Allied center, he planned on a massive counterattack in this area to shatter their lines, while Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davouts III Corps came up from Vienna to support the right. Positioning Marshal Jean Lanness V Corps near Santon Hill at the northern end of the line, Napoleon placed General Claude Legrands men at the southern end, with Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soults IV Corps in the center. Fighting Begins Around 8:00 AM on December 2, the first Allied columns began hitting the French right near the village of Telnitz. Taking the village, they threw the French back across Goldbach Stream. Regrouping, the French effort was reinvigorated by the arrival of Davouts corps. Moving to the attack, they recaptured Telnitz but were driven out by Allied cavalry. Further Allied attacks from the village were halted by French artillery. Slightly to the north, the next Allied column hit Sokolnitz and was repulsed by its defenders. Bringing in artillery, General Count Louis de Langà ©ron commenced a bombardment and his men succeeded in taking the village, while a third column assaulted the towns castle. Storming forward, the French managed to retake to the village but soon lost it again. Fighting around Sokolnitz continued to rage throughout the day. One Sharp Blow Around 8:45 AM, believing that the Allied center had been sufficiently weakened, Napoleon summoned Soult to discuss an attack on the enemy lines atop Pratzen Heights. Stating that One sharp blow and the war is over, he ordered the assault to move forward at 9:00 AM. Advancing through the morning fog, General Louis de Saint-Hilaires division attacked up the heights. Reinforced with elements from their second and fourth columns, the Allies met the French assault and mounted a fierce defense.  This initial French effort was thrown back after bitter fighting. Charging again, Saint-Hilaires men finally succeeded in capturing the heights at bayonet point. Fighting in the Center To their north, General Dominique Vandammes advanced his division against Starà © Vinohrady (Old Vineyards). Employing a variety of infantry tactics, the division shattered the defenders and claimed the area. Moving his command post to St. Anthonys Chapel on the Pratzen Heights, Napoleon ordered Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadottes I Corps into the battle on Vandammes left. As the battle raged, the Allies decided to strike Vandammes position with the Russian Imperial Guards cavalry. Storming forward, they had some success before Napoleon committed his own Heavy Guards cavalry to the fray. As the horsemen battled, General Jean-Baptiste Drouets division deployed on the flank of the fighting. In addition to providing refuge for the French cavalry, fire from his men and the Guards horse artillery forced the Russians to retreat from the area. In the North At the northern end of the battlefield, fighting began as Prince Liechtenstein led Allied cavalry against General Franà §ois Kellermanns light cavalry. Under heavy pressure, Kellermann fell back behind General  Marie-Franà §ois Auguste de Caffarellis division of Lannes corps which blocked the Austrian advance. After the arrival of two additional mounted divisions allowed the French to finish off the cavalry, Lannes moved forward against Prince Pyotr Bagrations Russian infantry. After engaging in a hard fight, Lannes forced the Russians to retreat from the battlefield. Completing the Triumph To complete the victory, Napoleon turned south where fighting was still raging around Telnitz and Sokolnitz. In an effort to drive the enemy from the field, he directed Saint-Hilaires division and part of Davouts corps to launch a two-pronged attack on Sokolnitz. Enveloping the Allied position, the assault crushed the defenders and forced them to retreat. As their lines began to collapse all along the front, Allied troops started to flee the field. In an attempt to slow the French pursuit General Michael von Kienmayer directed some of his cavalry to form a rearguard.  Mounting a desperate defense, they helped cover the Allied withdrawal. Aftermath One of Napoleons greatest victories, Austerlitz effectively ended the War of the Third Coalition. Two days later, with their territory overrun and their armies destroyed, Austria made peace through the Treaty of Pressburg. In addition to territorial concessions, the Austrians were required to pay a war indemnity of 40 million francs. The remains of the Russian army withdrew east, while Napoleons forces went into camp in southern Germany. Having taken much of Germany, Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire and established the Confederation of the Rhine as a buffer state between France and Prussia. French losses at Austerlitz numbered 1,305 killed, 6,940 wounded, and 573 captured. Allied casualties were massive and included 15,000 killed and wounded, as well as 12,000 captured.

Purify Alcohol or Denatured Ethanol Using Distillation

Purify Alcohol or Denatured Ethanol Using Distillation Denatured alcohol is toxic to drink and may be unsuitable for some lab experiments or other purposes. If you need pure ethanol (CH3CH2OH), you can purify denatured, contaminated or impure alcohol using distillation.   Alcohol Distillation Materials Balance100-mL volumetric flask or graduated cylinderDistillation apparatus250-mL beaker (or another container to receive the distilled alcohol)Hotplate or another flameless heat source (to avoid igniting the ethanol)Boiling chips200-mL impure ethanol (e.g., 70% denatured alcohol) You can also  make  a distillation apparatus if you dont already have one or arent sure what one looks like. Alcohol Distillation Procedure Put on appropriate safety gear, including goggles, gloves and protective clothing.Weigh the volumetric flask or graduated cylinder and record the value. This will help you determine your yield if you care to calculate it.Add 100.00 mL of alcohol to the volumetric flask. Weigh the flask plus alcohol and record the value. Now, if you subtract the mass of the flask from this value, you will know the mass of your alcohol. The density of your alcohol is the mass per volume, which is the mass of the alcohol (the number you just obtained) divided by the volume (100.00 mL). You now know the density of the alcohol in g/mL.Pour the ethanol into the distillation vessel and add the remaining alcohol.Add a boiling chip or two to the flask.Assemble the distillation apparatus. The 250-mL beaker is your receiving vessel.Turn on the hotplate and heat the ethanol to a gentle boil. If you have a thermometer in the distillation apparatus, youll see the temperature climb and then stabilize when it reache s the temperature of the ethanol-water vapor. Once you reach it, do not allow the temperature to exceed the stable value. If the temperature starts to climb again, it means the ethanol is gone from the distillation vessel. At this point, you could add more of the impure alcohol, if it didnt all fit in the container at the start. Continue distillation until you have collected at least 100 mL in the receiving beaker.Allow the distillate (liquid you collected) to cool to room temperature.Transfer 100.00 mL of this liquid into the volumetric flask, weigh the flask plus alcohol, subtract the weight of the flask (from earlier), and record the mass of the alcohol. Divide the mass of the alcohol by 100 to get the density of your distillate in g/mL. You can compare this value against a table of values to estimate the purity of your alcohol. The density of pure ethanol around room temperature is 0.789 g/mL.If you want, you can run this liquid through another distillation to increase its purity. Keep in mind, some alcohol is lost during every distillation, so youll have a lower yield with the second distillation and even less final product if you do a third distillation. If you double or triple distill your alcohol, you can determine its density and estimate its purity using the same method outlined for the first disti llation. Notes About Alcohol Ethanol is sold in the pharmacy sections of stores as a disinfectant. It may be called ethyl alcohol, ethanol or ethyl rubbing alcohol. Another common type of alcohol used for rubbing alcohol is isopropyl alcohol or isopropanol. These alcohols have different properties (notably, isopropyl alcohol is toxic), so if it matters which one you need, be sure the desired alcohol is listed on the label. Hand sanitizer gels also often use ethanol and/or isopropanol. The label should list which type of alcohol is used under the active ingredients. Notes About Purity Distilling denatured alcohol will remove enough impurities for may lab applications. Further purification steps could include passing the alcohol over activated carbon. This would be especially helpful if the point of the distillation is to obtain drinkable ethanol. Be very careful distilling ethanol to drink using denatured alcohol as a source. If the denaturing agent was simply an additive intended to make the alcohol bitter, this purification might be fine, but if toxic substances were added to the alcohol, a lesser degree of contamination may remain in the distilled product. This is especially likely if the contaminant had a boiling point close to that of the ethanol. You can reduce contamination by discarding the first bit of ethanol that is collected and the last portion. It also helps to tightly control the temperature of the distillation. Just be aware: distilled alcohol is not suddenly pure! Even commercially produced ethanol still contains traces of other chemicals.